Data from representative sera are shown in table 2. from highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and SARS [3,4]. Sero-epidemiology is an priceless tool in such investigations. Many sero-epidemiological studies on home livestock have reported high sero-prevalence in dromedary camels in the Arabian peninsula and Africa [5C8]. The detection of MERS-CoV disease by reverse transcription polymerase chain PROTAC Bcl2 degrader-1 reaction (RT-PCR) and disease isolation supports these sero-epidemiological findings and the contention that dromedaries are a natural sponsor for MERS-CoV [9C11]. But it is not obvious if dromedaries are the main source of human infection. We had previously reported a MERS-CoV pseudoparticle neutralization assay (ppNT) that can be used to detect antibody to MERS-CoV without the need for Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3) containment that is required for standard MERS-CoV microneutralisation (MN) PROTAC Bcl2 degrader-1 checks [6]. In this study, we systematically PROTAC Bcl2 degrader-1 investigate potential mix reactions that may confound the use of these two assays in sero-epidemiological studies in animals. Methods Viruses MERS-CoV EMC strain was provided by Dr Ron Fouchier, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam. The disease strains dromedary MERS-CoV Al-Hasa KFU-HKU13 2013 (Al-Hasa 13) and dromedary MERS-CoV Egypt NRCE-HKU270 2013 (Egypt 270) were isolated in our laboratory as previously explained [10,12]. The viruses were cultured and titrated in Vero cells (ATCC CCL-81). Sera Immune sera specific for alphacoronaviruses (porcine respiratory coronavirus, feline infectious peritonitis disease, canine coronavirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis disease), betacoronaviruses (mouse hepatitis disease: strains JHM and A59, SARS coronavirus, BCoV) and gammacoronavirus (infectious bronchitis disease) were from BEI-Resources (animal PROTAC Bcl2 degrader-1 CoV reagents supplied to BEI by Dr Linda Saif) (http://www.beiresources.org/About/BEIResources.aspx) or generated by Dr Linda Saif or Dr Stanley Perlman, while indicated in table 1. The homologous antibody titres to the immunising disease was also from the respective sources supplying these antisera (Table 1). Table 1 Mix neutralization antibody titers for MERS-CoV and BCoV in anti-sera raised against different coronaviruses
Alpha coronavirusGnotobiotic pig antiserum to Porcine Respiratory coronavirus – NR 4601:1200#<1:10<1:10<1:10Guinea Pig PROTAC Bcl2 degrader-1 antiserum to Feline infectious Peritonitis disease - NR 25181:2000#<1:10<1:10<1:10Guinea pig antiserum to Canine Coronavirus - NR 27271:4094?<1:10<1:10<1:10Gnotobiotic pig antiserum to Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus - NR 4581:1400#<1:10<1:10<1:10Beta coronavirusGuinea Pig anti-SARS-CoV - NR 103611:2560<1:10<1:10<1:10Rabbit anti serum for SARS-CoV S protein (Zero titer) - NRC 769<1:10<1:10<1:10<1:10Rabbit anti serum for SARS-CoV S protein (low titer) - NRC 7701:80<1:10<1:10<1:10Rabbit anti serum for SARS-CoV S protein (medium titer) - NRC 7711:160<1:10<1:10<1:10Rabbit anti serum for SARS-CoV S protein (high titer) - NRC 7721:640<1:10<1:10<1:10Mouse hepatitis Mmp12 virus (JHM strain) hyper immunized mouse dam 11:1778?
Neutralization titre<1:10<1:10<1:10Mouse hepatitis disease (JHM strain) hyper- immunised mouse dam 21:363?
Neutralization titre<1:10<1:10<1:10Mouse hepatitis disease (A59 strain) infected mouse1:1000?
Neutralization titre<1:10<1:10<1:10BCoV antisera from guinea pig - GP 99101:20480?<1:10<1:101:160BCoV antisera from germfree calf - NR 4561:10000#<1:10<1:101:40BCoV antisera from germfree calf - C38161:580?
Neutralization titre<1:10<1:101:640Gamma coronavirusGuinea Pig anti serum to infectious bronchitis disease - NR 25151:50000#<1:10<1:10<1:10 Open in a separate windowpane Homologous antibody titre data from #BEI resources; ?Linda Saif; ?Stanly Perlman. All other antibody titres are acquired as part of this study. All homologous antibody titres are ELISA titres except for antisera to mouse hepatitis disease and BCoV antiserum C3816 which are neutralizing antibody titres. Abbreviations: MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; BCoV: bovine coronavirus; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MN: Microneutralisation; ppNT: pseudoparticle neutralization. Sera from 25 adult dromedary camels were collected in 2014 in Australia, 17 becoming from feral camels from central Australia gathered and transferred to an abattoir in Caboolture, Queensland, while the additional 8 sera originated from a camel farm in Coominya, Queensland. Dromedary sera from Egypt were collected from abattoirs in Egypt in 2014. Archived dromedary sera collected in 1993 from Al Hasa, Eastern province (n=27), As Sulayyil, Ar Riyad province (n=30), Hafar Al-Batin (Eastern province) (n=45) and Medina, Al Medinah province (n=29) were retrieved from your serum archive in the Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University or college, Saudi Arabia. Combined acute and convalescent sera from three dromedary calves who experienced RT-PCR confirmed MERS-CoV infection inside a dromedary farm in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia in December 2013 are included in this study. The.