with 2?g (n?= 8) or 10?g (n?= 8) of ARCoV or a placebo (n?= 5) and boosted with an equivalent dose 14?days later. 1?week. ARCoV is currently being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, mRNA vaccine, lipid nanoparticle, mouse-adapted strain, nonhuman JAK1 primate, protection Graphical Abstract Open in a separate window ARCoV is an LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform that is highly immunogenic and safe in mice and non-human primates, conferring protection against challenge with a SARS-CoV-2 mouse-adapted strain. Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel human coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV (Wu et?al., 2020; Zhou et?al., 2020; Zhu et?al., 2020b), has spread throughout the world and is causing global public health crises. The clinical manifestations caused by SARS-CoV-2 range from non-symptomatic infection to mild flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even death (Huang et?al., 2020; Wang et?al., 2020). To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in more than 3.5 million cases with over 250,000 deaths (World Health Organization). So far, no effective treatment is available. Therefore, development of a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19 is urgently needed. SARS-CoV-2, Nefiracetam (Translon) together with the other two highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, and Nefiracetam (Translon) the virion is composed of a helical capsid created by nucleocapsid (N) proteins bound to the RNA genome and an envelope made up of membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins, coated having a crown-like trimeric spike (S) protein. Like additional human coronaviruses, the full-length S protein of SARS-CoV-2 consists of S1 and S2 subunits. First, the S protein mediates viral access into sponsor cells by binding to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), through the receptor-binding website (RBD) in the C terminus of the S1 subunit, which consequently causes fusion between the viral envelope and the sponsor cell membrane through the S2 subunit (Hoffmann et?al., 2020). The full-length S protein, S1, and RBD are capable of inducing highly potent neutralizing antibodies and T?cell-mediated immunity and, therefore, have been widely determined as encouraging targets for coronavirus vaccine development (Amanat and Krammer, 2020). Some recent studies also shown that immunization with the recombinant RBD of SARS-CoV-2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the absence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of illness (Quinlan et?al., 2020; Tai et?al., 2020). The constructions of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD only and the RBD-ACE2 and RBD-monoclonal antibody complexes were resolved in record time at high resolution (Lan et?al., 2020; Shang et?al., 2020; Walls et?al., 2020), which further improves our understanding of this vaccine target. Messenger RNA (mRNA)-centered therapy recently emerged as an effective platform for treatment of infectious diseases and malignancy (Jackson et?al., 2020; Mascola and Fauci, 2020). In the past few years, with technological improvements in mRNA changes and delivery tools (Ickenstein and Garidel, 2019; Maruggi et?al., 2019; Pardi et?al., 2020), the mRNA vaccine field has developed extremely rapidly in fundamental and medical study. Preclinical studies possess shown that mRNA-based vaccines induce potent and broadly protecting immune reactions against numerous pathogens in small and large animals, with an acceptable safety profile (Maruggi et?al., 2019). Nefiracetam (Translon) To day, clinical tests for mRNA vaccines against viral diseases, including Zika, Ebola, influenza, rabies, and cytomegalovirus illness, have been carried out in many countries (Alameh et?al., 2020). One of the key advantages of the mRNA vaccine platform is its capability of scalable production within a very short period of Nefiracetam (Translon) time, which makes it very attractive for responding to the pandemic. mRNA developing avoids the lengthy process of cell tradition and purification and the stringent biosafety actions for traditional disease vaccine production. A clinical-scale mRNA vaccine can be designed and manufactured rapidly, within weeks, when the viral antigen sequence becomes available. In March 2020, it required only 42?days for Modernas mRNA-1273 to enter phase I clinical tests as the very first mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 in the United States (NCT04283461). Several other SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidates.